Dog Names in Malayalam are meaningful names inspired by Kerala’s rich language, traditions, nature, mythology, and culture. Popular choices include Appu (അപ്പു), Ammu (അമ്മു), Kannan (കണ്ണൻ), Minnu (മിന്നു), Chinnu (ചിന്നു), and Ponnu (പൊന്നു). Short, easy-to-pronounce Malayalam names are ideal because they’re memorable for both owners and dogs during training.
This guide features 250+ Malayalam dog names inspired by Kerala’s language, culture, nature, mythology, and everyday life.
You May Also Like: 300+ Marathi Dog Names: Cute, Unique & Meaningful Ideas
Why Choose a Malayalam Name for Your Dog?
Choosing a dog’s name is about much more than finding something that sounds nice. A great name reflects your dog’s personality, your family’s culture, and even the memories you create together.
If you’re part of a Malayalam-speaking household, giving your dog a Malayalam name can make the experience feel much more personal.
Celebrate Kerala’s Rich Culture
Kerala is known for its beautiful landscapes, literature, festivals, cuisine, and traditions. Many Malayalam words have gentle, melodic sounds that naturally suit pets. Names inspired by Kerala’s rivers, flowers, festivals, and folklore often carry meanings that make them even more special.
Instead of using a common international dog name, you can choose one that’s deeply connected to your heritage.
Easy for the Whole Family
Grandparents, children, relatives, and neighbors often find Malayalam names easier to pronounce and remember. Everyone can comfortably call the dog using a familiar word.
Many Malayalam Names Have Beautiful Meanings
Unlike random pet names, many Malayalam words represent positive qualities such as:
- Love
- Happiness
- Courage
- Kindness
- Beauty
- Strength
- Wisdom
- Loyalty
- Peace
- Prosperity
Choosing a name with a meaningful definition makes it feel even more personal.
Great for Dog Training
Professional trainers often recommend choosing names that are:
- Short
- Distinct
- Easy to pronounce
- Different from commands
Many Malayalam names naturally fit these recommendations.
Benefits of Choosing Malayalam Dog Names
| Benefit | Why It Matters |
| Reflects Kerala culture | Celebrates your heritage |
| Easy pronunciation | Suitable for the whole family |
| Memorable | Dogs recognize shorter names quickly |
| Meaningful | Many names have positive meanings |
| Unique | Stands out from common English dog names |
| Great for training | Clear sounds improve recognition |
Quote: “A dog’s name becomes part of its personality. Choose one you’ll enjoy saying every single day.”
This is also on our list of Tamil Dog Names (தமிழ் நாய் பெயர்கள்) with Meanings
Awesome Malayalam Dog Names
| Malayalam Name | Script | Meaning | Best For |
| Appu | അപ്പു | Beloved nickname | Male |
| Ammu | അമ്മു | Sweet little one | Female |
| Kannan | കണ്ണൻ | Lord Krishna | Male |
| Minnu | മിന്നു | Sparkling | Female |
| Chinnu | ചിന്നു | Tiny, cute | Unisex |
| Ponnu | പൊന്നു | Precious gold | Female |
| Muthu | മുത്തു | Pearl | Male |
| Kochu | കൊച്ചു | Small | Unisex |
| Kili | കിളി | Bird | Female |
| Unni | ഉണ്ണി | Little child | Male |
| Kuttu | കുട്ടു | Little one | Male |
| Monu | മോനു | Dear son | Male |
| Molu | മോളു | Dear daughter | Female |
| Kutti | കുട്ടി | Little child | Unisex |
Strong & Brave Male Malayalam Dog Names
These names are ideal for powerful breeds like German Shepherds, Dobermans, Rottweilers, and Belgian Malinois.
| Name | Meaning |
| Veeran | Brave warrior |
| Rudran | Lord Shiva |
| Simham | Lion |
| Adithyan | Sun |
| Vikram | Courage |
| Arjun | Hero |
| Bhairav | Fearless |
| Kesavan | Lord Vishnu |
| Mahesh | Great lord |
| Devan | Divine ruler |
| Surya | Sun |
| Shiva | Powerful deity |
| Abhi | Fearless |
| Sharan | Protector |
Beautiful Female Malayalam Dog Names
If your puppy has bright, expressive eyes or a calm and loving nature, a beautiful Malayalam name can suit her perfectly. Many of these names are inspired by nature, kindness, light, and traditional Kerala culture.
| Name | Malayalam | Meaning |
| Aiswarya | ഐശ്വര്യ | Prosperity |
| Amala | അമല | Pure |
| Anjali | അഞ്ജലി | Offering |
| Bhavya | ഭാവ്യ | Grand, graceful |
| Charu | ചാരു | Beautiful |
| Hema | ഹേമ | Golden |
| Indu | ഇന്ദു | Moon |
| Janaki | ജാനകി | Goddess Sita |
| Kavya | കാവ്യ | Poetry |
| Keerthi | കീർത്തി | Fame |
| Malini | മാലിനി | Fragrant |
| Neela | നീല | Blue |
| Pournami | പൗർണ്ണമി | Full moon |
Cutest Malayalam Dog Names
Let’s be honest, some puppies are simply impossible to describe without saying “aww.” Tiny paws, floppy ears, endless zoomies… they deserve equally adorable names.
Also Read: Dog Names in Hindi (हिंदी में कुत्तों के नाम)
Sweet Puppy Names
| Name | Meaning |
| Chinnu | Tiny |
| Kuttu | Little one |
| Ammu | Sweet child |
| Appu | Beloved |
| Minnu | Sparkle |
| Pappu | Cute little one |
| Kochu | Small |
| Molu | Dear daughter |
| Monu | Dear son |
| Kili | Bird |
Tiny Dog Name Ideas
- Podi
- Mini
- Tiny
- Kuru
- Chotu
- Kuruvi
- Pappi
- Mittu
- Kunu
- Poochi
Adorable Nickname-Style Names
- Ammukutty
- Monukutty
- Chakkara
- Muthu
- Ponnu
- Kannan
- Pappan
- Kichu
- Achu
- Meenu
Amazing Malayalam Dog Names
These names are stylish, meaningful, and suitable for almost any breed.
Stylish Dog Names
| Name | Meaning |
| Adith | Rising sun |
| Aryan | Noble |
| Vihaan | Dawn |
| Reyansh | Ray of light |
| Kavin | Handsome |
| Ahaan | First light |
| Nirvaan | Peace |
| Tejas | Brightness |
| Yuvan | Youth |
| Nivin | New beginning |
Elegant Name Ideas
- Charu
- Devika
- Keerthi
- Neela
- Kavya
- Hema
- Maya
- Sreya
- Tara
- Indu
Unique Malayalam Dog Names
Rare Yet Meaningful Names
| Name | Meaning |
| Aaromal | Beloved |
| Neermal | Pure water |
| Ojas | Energy |
| Vismaya | Wonder |
| Mridul | Gentle |
| Aadhya | Beginning |
| Ekan | One |
| Vedan | Wisdom |
| Saanvi | Sacred |
| Hriday | Heart |
Creative Malayalam Dog Names
- Vaanam
- Megha
- Thumbi
- Mazha
- Chandra
- Pulari
- Kadal
- Mizhy
- Thennal
- Akash
Distinctive Local Names
- Vallam
- Nilam
- Chera
- Payyan
- Kochi
- Malabar
- Kumaran
- Ambadi
- Pamba
- Vanchi
Uncommon Malayalam Dog Names
These names are rarely heard but still feel natural and meaningful.
Hidden Gems
| Name | Meaning |
| Aarav | Peaceful |
| Chaitra | Spring |
| Dhwani | Melody |
| Ilakiya | Literature |
| Meghraj | King of clouds |
| Nakulan | Hero |
| Pavithra | Pure |
| Saumya | Gentle |
| Tanmaya | Focused |
| Yajna | Sacred offering |
Unusual Malayalam Dog Names
Some dogs have personalities that don’t fit ordinary names, and that’s perfectly okay.
Whether your puppy is mischievous, fearless, or simply one of a kind, these unusual names can be a great match.
Bold and Different Choices
- Agni
- Astra
- Vayu
- Chakra
- Rudra
- Neer
- Aazhi
- Meghdoot
- Vaiga
- Oviya
Nature-Inspired Rare Names
- Mazha (Rain)
- Thennal (Breeze)
- Puzha (River)
- Kadal (Sea)
- Muthu (Pearl)
- Minnal (Lightning)
- Megham (Cloud)
- Pulari (Dawn)
- Veyil (Sunlight)
- Nakshatra (Star)
Great Malayalam Dog Names
Sometimes the simplest names are also the best. These tried-and-tested choices remain popular because they’re meaningful, pleasant to say, and suit almost every breed.
All-Time Favorite Dog Names
| Male | Female |
| Appu | Ammu |
| Raja | Rani |
| Kannan | Minnu |
| Muthu | Ponnu |
| Balu | Lakshmi |
| Manu | Meenu |
| Hari | Nila |
| Gopu | Maya |
| Unni | Devika |
| Veeran | Gauri |
Funny Malayalam Dog Names
One family I know named their extremely lazy Labrador Puli (“Tiger”). The contrast made everyone laugh, and somehow the name stuck!
Playful Name Ideas
| Name | Why It’s Funny |
| Puli | Perfect for a tiny dog |
| Aana | Great for a small puppy |
| Kuruvi | Tiny bird |
| Bullet | For slow-moving dogs |
| Boss | For spoiled pets |
| Captain | Sounds important |
| Rocket | Hyperactive puppy |
| Chakkara | Sweet like sugar |
| Motta | Funny nickname |
| Kallan | Little troublemaker |
Humorous Kerala-Inspired Names
- Kochi
- Munnar
- Alleppey
- Onam
- Vishu
- Kathakali
- Chenda
- Vallam
- Kerala
- Coconut
Tip: Funny names are wonderful, but avoid anything that could embarrass you when calling your dog in public every day.
Short Malayalam Dog Names
Professional trainers often recommend names with one or two syllables because they’re easier for dogs to recognize.
One-Syllable Dog Names
- Raj
- Dev
- Om
- Jai
- Ani
- Nil
- Kai
- Rey
- Zen
- Ari
Two-Syllable Dog Names
- Appu
- Ammu
- Minnu
- Kannan
- Chinnu
- Kochu
- Monu
- Meenu
- Balu
- Raja
Easy-to-Train Dog Names
| Name | Why It Works |
| Appu | Clear ending sound |
| Minnu | Distinct pronunciation |
| Raja | Strong vowel sounds |
| Kuttu | Repeating syllables |
| Ammu | Short and memorable |
| Kili | Easy to call |
| Chinnu | Soft but clear |
| Ponnu | Pleasant sound |
| Manu | Simple pronunciation |
| Hari | Crisp ending |
Quirky Names in Malayalam
If your dog is full of surprises, a quirky name can capture that playful spirit.
Cute & Quirky Names
- Kuruvi
- Podi
- Thumbi
- Mittu
- Chakkara
- Kunju
- Kuru
- Pappan
- Poochi
- Chinnu
Exotic Malayalam Puppy Names
Bringing home a puppy is an unforgettable experience. Their name often becomes part of countless happy memories, from the first walk to the first successful “sit.”
Premium Puppy Name Ideas
- Aadhya
- Nirvaan
- Vihaan
- Arya
- Saanvi
- Ojas
- Tejas
- Reyansh
- Kavya
- Charu
- Appu
- Kichu
- Monu
- Unni
- Aaromal
- Kannan
- Manu
- Hari
- Avi
- Reyan
Malayalam Dog Names by Personality
| Personality | Malayalam Dog Names | Meaning |
| Brave | Veeran, Rudran, Simham, Vikram, Kesari | Warrior, Courage, Lion |
| Loyal | Kannan, Dharma, Hari, Devan, Gopu | Faithful, Divine |
| Friendly | Appu, Ammu, Chinnu, Monu, Molu | Affectionate names |
| Smart | Medha, Buddhi, Tejas, Vivek, Aryan | Intelligence, Wisdom |
| Calm | Shanthi, Nila, Saumya, Indu, Megha | Peaceful, Moon, Gentle |
| Energetic | Minnal, Rocket, Turbo, Agni, Vayu | Lightning, Fire, Wind |
| Playful | Kuttu, Kili, Kochu, Pappu, Mittu | Cute and cheerful |
| Naughty | Kallan, Bullet, Boss, Chakkara, Smarty | Mischievous, Fun |
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Colors
A dog’s coat color is usually one of the first things people notice. It’s no surprise that many owners choose names inspired by their pet’s appearance.
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Coat Colors
| Coat Color | Malayalam Dog Names | Meaning |
| Black | Karuppan, Kari, Irul, Megham, Kariyan | Black, Darkness, Cloud |
| White | Vella, Nila, Malli, Muthu, Chandran | White, Moon, Pearl |
| Brown | Then, Maram, Chandan, Kappi, Madhu | Honey, Tree, Sandalwood |
| Golden | Ponnu, Hema, Kanakam, Surya, Swarna | Gold, Sunshine |
| Grey | Megha, Ashan, Dhooli, Velli, Neer | Cloud, Silver |
| Spotted | Pulli, Chithra, Puli, Patchu, Minnu | Spots, Pattern |
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Birds
Bird-inspired names often represent freedom, beauty, intelligence, and grace. They’re perfect for agile, energetic, or curious puppies.
Bird-Inspired Dog Names
- Kili (Parrot)
- Mayil (Peacock)
- Kokku (Stork)
- Garudan (Eagle)
- Hamsa (Swan)
- Kuyil (Cuckoo)
- Parunthu (Falcon)
- Maina
- Thumbi (Dragonfly-inspired nickname)
- Chakora
Bird names tend to sound cheerful, making them excellent recall names during training.
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Animals
Some owners enjoy naming their dogs after other animals, especially animals admired for their strength, speed, or intelligence.
Animal-Inspired Malayalam Dog Names
| Name | Animal |
| Puli | Tiger |
| Simham | Lion |
| Aana | Elephant |
| Maan | Deer |
| Kuruvi | Sparrow |
| Muyal | Rabbit |
| Kurukkan | Fox |
| Meen | Fish |
| Karadi | Bear |
| Vaanaran | Monkey |
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Kerala
One of the most unique ways to name your dog is by drawing inspiration from Kerala itself. Whether it’s a favorite destination, a cultural tradition, or a famous landmark, these names celebrate the state’s identity.
Kerala Cities
- Kochi
- Kozhikode
- Kannur
- Thrissur
- Kollam
- Palakkad
- Alappuzha
- Kottayam
- Kasaragod
- Malappuram
Kerala Backwaters
- Vembanad
- Alleppey
- Kumarakom
- Kuttanad
- Ashtamudi
Hill Stations
- Munnar
- Wayanad
- Ponmudi
- Vagamon
- Nelliyampathy
Beaches
- Kovalam
- Varkala
- Bekal
- Marari
- Cherai
Rivers
- Periyar
- Bharathapuzha
- Pamba
- Chaliyar
- Kabini
Festivals
- Onam
- Vishu
- Pooram
- Thiruvathira
- Theyyam
Kerala Traditions
- Kathakali
- Mohini
- Chenda
- Vallam
- Kalari
Did You Know? Names like Munnar, Onam, and Kathakali are uncommon yet instantly recognizable to people familiar with Kerala, making them memorable choices for pets.
Also Read: 270+ Dog Names in Kannada: Cute, Unique Puppy Names (ಕನ್ನಡ ನಾಯಿ ಹೆಸರುಗಳು)
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Food
Food-inspired names have become incredibly popular because they’re fun, lighthearted, and often adorable. Kerala’s cuisine offers plenty of delicious inspiration.
Traditional Kerala Dishes
- Appam
- Puttu
- Idiyappam
- Dosa
- Idiyappam
- Pathiri
- Kappa
- Avial
- Sambar
- Payasam
Kerala Snacks
- Banana Chips
- Unniyappam
- Achappam
- Kozhukatta
- Pazhampori
- Murukku
- Vada
- Neyyappam
- Ela Ada
- Halwa
Sweet Treats
- Payasam
- Ladoo
- Halwa
- Jilebi
- Kesari
- Laddu
- Mittai
- Chakkara
- Honey
- Madhuram
Spices
- Elakka (Cardamom)
- Kurumulak (Pepper)
- Inji (Ginger)
- Karuva (Cinnamon)
- Grambu (Clove)
- Manjal (Turmeric)
- Jeerakam (Cumin)
- Malli (Coriander)
- Mulaku (Chili)
- Uluva (Fenugreek)
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Fruits
Kerala’s tropical climate is home to many delicious fruits that also make surprisingly cute dog names.
Tropical Fruits
| Name | Fruit |
| Manga | Mango |
| Pazham | Banana |
| Perakka | Guava |
| Mathalam | Pomegranate |
| Chakka | Jackfruit |
| Orange | Orange |
| Papaya | Papaya |
| Munthiri | Grapes |
| Apple | Apple |
| Pine | Pineapple |
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Malayalam Movies
Cinema has always been an important part of Kerala’s culture. Many unforgettable movie characters have names that are perfect for pets.
Iconic Movie Character Names
- Georgekutty
- Pulimurugan
- Balan
- Sethu
- Soloman
- Dasan
- Vijayan
- Narasimham
- Appukuttan
- Anand
Popular Hero-Inspired Names
- Mohanlal
- Mammootty
- Dulquer
- Prithvi
- Fahadh
- Nivin
- Tovino
- Asif
- Kunchacko
- Jayaram
Popular Heroine-Inspired Names
- Manju
- Shobana
- Bhavana
- Nazriya
- Parvathy
- Nithya
- Aishwarya
- Meera
- Kavya
- Anaswara
Malayalam Dog Names Inspired by Famous People
Naming your dog after a respected public figure can be a tribute to someone you admire. Many famous Malayalam personalities have short, memorable names that work well for pets.
Actors
- Mohanlal
- Mammootty
- Dulquer
- Fahadh
- Nivin
Actresses
- Manju
- Shobana
- Nazriya
- Bhavana
- Kavya
Writers
- Basheer
- Kumaran
- Vallathol
- Sugathakumari
- O. V. Vijayan
Sports Personalities
- Sreesanth
- Sanju
- Anju
- Rahul
- Tintu
Historical Figures
- Marthanda
- Pazhassi
- Velu
- Ravi
- Chera
Malayalam Dog Names by Dog Breed
| Dog Breed | Recommended Malayalam Dog Names | Why They Fit |
| Labrador Retriever | Appu, Balu, Raja, Kannan, Hari | Friendly and loyal |
| Golden Retriever | Ponnu, Hema, Minnu, Surya, Swarna | Warm, cheerful nature |
| German Shepherd | Veeran, Rudran, Vikram, Simham, Dharma | Brave and protective |
| Beagle | Chinnu, Kuttu, Kochu, Mittu, Kili | Curious and playful |
| Pug | Pappu, Bullet, Boss, Chakkara, Mini | Funny personality |
| Shih Tzu | Ammu, Maya, Tara, Devika, Nila | Elegant and affectionate |
| Rottweiler | Rudra, Mahesh, Veer, Kesari, Rajan | Strong and confident |
| Doberman | Agni, Astra, Surya, Veeran, Shiva | Alert and fearless |
| Indian Spitz | Kochu, Minnu, Chinnu, Kili, Monu | Energetic and lively |
| Indian Pariah Dog | Pamba, Kannan, Raja, Gopu, Kari | Native, intelligent, adaptable |
Expert Tip: While breed can inspire a name, don’t let it limit your choice. Sometimes the most unexpected name becomes the perfect fit. A tiny Beagle named Raja or a giant Labrador named Kochu can be just as charming because the name reflects personality rather than size.
Unisex Malayalam Dog Names
In fact, unisex Malayalam dog names have become increasingly popular because they’re versatile, easy to remember, and suit almost any breed or personality.
| Name | Malayalam | Meaning |
| Chinnu | ചിന്നു | Tiny, adorable |
| Kutti | കുട്ടി | Little one |
| Kochu | കൊച്ചു | Small |
| Minnu | മിന്നു | Sparkle |
| Muthu | മുത്തു | Pearl |
| Kili | കിളി | Bird |
| Mazha | മഴ | Rain |
| Nila | നിലാ | Moon |
| Thumbi | തുമ്പി | Dragonfly |
| Ponnu | പൊന്നു | Precious |
Rare Malayalam Dog Names
Ancient Malayalam Names
- Adithyan
- Kumaran
- Madhavan
- Sankaran
- Narayanan
- Govindan
- Raghavan
- Vasudevan
- Devayani
- Bhadran
Literary-Inspired Names
- Basheer
- Vallathol
- Kumaran
- Sugatha
- Nila
- Kavya
- Aksharam
- Grantham
- Pusthakam
- Varnam
Heritage-Inspired Names
- Chera
- Malabar
- Kerala
- Pamba
- Periyar
- Munnar
- Vembanad
- Kalari
- Vallam
- Theyyam
Did You Know? Rare names are great conversation starters and often make your dog memorable at parks, training classes, and pet-friendly events.
Trending Malayalam Dog Names
Social Media Favorites
- Neo
- Rio
- Arya
- Zian
- Eva
- Kiara
- Nia
- Reyan
- Zara
- Avi
Modern Kerala Pet Names
- Minnu
- Appu
- Ammu
- Chinnu
- Kannan
- Kochu
- Ponnu
- Maya
- Nila
- Kuttu
Trending Puppy Names
- Mochi
- Oreo
- Simba
- Coco
- Teddy
- Bruno
- Milo
- Leo
- Bella
- Luna
Popular Malayalam Words That Make Great Dog Names
Many everyday Malayalam words sound adorable when used as pet names.
| Word | Meaning |
| Mazha | Rain |
| Thennal | Breeze |
| Minnal | Lightning |
| Pulari | Dawn |
| Megham | Cloud |
| Vanam | Forest |
| Kadal | Sea |
| Muthu | Pearl |
| Then | Honey |
| Chakkara | Sugar |
Dog Naming Tips
Choosing the right name is exciting, but it also helps to think practically. A name isn’t just something that looks nice on paper; it’s something you’ll call every day for years.
Choose Easy-to-Recognize Sounds
Dogs generally respond well to names with clear vowel sounds and one or two syllables.
Examples:
- Appu
- Ammu
- Raja
- Kili
- Minnu
Keep It Positive
Use your dog’s name in happy situations such as:
- Feeding time
- Walks
- Playtime
- Rewards
- Praise
Doing this helps your dog develop positive associations with hearing its name.
Think Long-Term
A tiny puppy grows quickly.
Before choosing a name, ask yourself:
- Will this still suit my dog in five years?
- Will I feel comfortable calling this name in public?
- Is it easy for children and older family members to pronounce?
If the answer is yes, you’ve probably found a great choice.
Test the Name Before Finalizing
Try saying your favorite names aloud several times.
Ask yourself:
- Does it sound natural?
- Is it easy to pronounce?
- Does your puppy react positively?
- Does everyone in the family like it?
Sometimes the perfect name becomes obvious after using it for just a day or two.
Use Consistent Pronunciation
If different family members pronounce the name differently, your dog may take longer to recognize it.
Choose one pronunciation and stick with it.
Common Mistakes to Avoid When Naming Your Dog in Malayalam
Even the most beautiful name may not be practical. Avoid these common mistakes when choosing your puppy’s name.
Choosing Long or Complicated Names
Very long names are difficult to repeat during training.
Instead of:
- Chandrasekharan
Consider:
- Chandra
Picking a Name Similar to Commands
Avoid names that sound like:
- Sit
- Stay
- No
- Heel
- Come
Distinct sounds make training much easier.
Changing the Name Too Often
Dogs learn through repetition.
If you keep changing your dog’s name every few weeks, it may become confused.
Choose carefully and once you’ve decided, stay consistent.
Ignoring Your Dog’s Personality
A calm, gentle dog might not suit an aggressive-sounding name, while a confident guard dog may outgrow an overly cute nickname.
Spend a few days getting to know your dog’s behavior before making your final decision.
Following Trends Without Considering Meaning
Trendy names come and go.
Meaningful names often remain special throughout your dog’s lifetime.
Final Thoughts
Choosing the perfect Dog Name in Malayalam is about more than finding a word that sounds cute; it’s about selecting a name that becomes part of your dog’s identity for years to come.
The best choice is one that feels natural for both you and your pet.
If I could leave you with one final piece of advice, it would be this: don’t rush the decision. Spend a few days with your puppy, watch how they play, interact, and respond to the world around them. Sometimes the perfect name isn’t the first one on a list; it’s the one that simply fits.
Hopefully, this collection of 250+ Malayalam dog names has given you plenty of inspiration. Whether your new companion is brave, playful, gentle, or endlessly mischievous, there’s a meaningful Malayalam name waiting to become part of your family’s story.
